Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Obamacare And Affordable Care Act - 930 Words
Public administration is just like any other administration that is for the publicââ¬â¢s interest and its main purpose serves as a government policy. It is a course of action that is taken through government party into a policy. Public administration is the management of public programs. It is considered a public affair that works mainly with the executive branch and is part of governmental functions. Obamaââ¬â¢s Health Care Reform, better known as ObamaCare was signed into law on March 23, 2010. It is officially called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) or Affordable Care Act (ACA). This act is meant to provide affordable, good quality health care to all Americans and to cut health care spending. The ACA has been on ongoing struggle to reform the health care system. Almost 50 million Americans still lack health coverage despite the fact that ObamaCare continues to help provide an increasing amount of Americans with access to affordable, quality health insurance . ObamaCare doesnââ¬â¢t take place until 2014, 2013 is considered one of the most important years in history of ObamaCare. The ACA is meant to be an affordable coverage to 30 million Americans by making having affordable insurance for employers from middle to low income Americans and expanding Medicaid and Medicare. The main goal is to lower the healthcare cost and give better healthcare. ObamaCare is also meant to lower premiums and insurance costs. All Americans are required to have insurance and givesShow MoreRelatedObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1317 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare, was passed in March 2010. This over-1000-page Act implements a number of reforms designed to increase the availability of health care for individuals. The Act created a Health Insurance Marketplace, a universal way to sign up for subsidized health care plans (which are cheaper), though you can only get certain plans from certain places, including an expanded Medicaid. It also creates an incentive to purchase health insurance-if you don t, youRead MoreObamacare And The Afford able Care Act1028 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act was created to make an attempt to reduce the amount we pay for healthcare. ââ¬Å"Healthcare premiums were too expensive for many families to afford,â⬠is a common issue among citizens today, and we have come to the conclusion that Obamacare can help reduce that amount. Ever since this has been put in place, many Americans deny this, but it says that even if you arenââ¬â¢t 100 percent healthy it will still cover you, unlike regular healthcare premiums opposed that. Another benefit thatRead MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act Essay1564 Words à |à 7 PagesPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act expanded the 1965 bill passed under President Johnson that created Medicare and Medicaid (ââ¬Å"LBJ Presidential Library,â⬠2015). While the Affordable Care Act, or ââ¬Å"Obamacareâ⬠as it has been dubbed by the media, has many components, the focus here is the expansion of Medicaid. Obamacare sought to expand Medicaid to cover those who earn too much to qualify for traditional Medicaid, but not enough to afford employer-provided health care. These people are said toRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act: Obamacare1140 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act, often referred to as the ObamaCare was signed into law on March 23, 2010. It has created a lot of controversy since its debut. The Healthcare reform will affect all Americans. The issue has many Americans believing it is a great thing for our country while others believe it is a terrible idea and then of course there are those who donââ¬â¢t know what to think. By Jan 1, 2014 Americans will be required to purchase a health care policy or will have to pay a penalty. Ready or notRead MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act997 Words à |à 4 PagesWhite Professor Eastman English 1020 29 January 2015 Obamacareââ¬â¢s Healthier America Health care has been a controversial topic of discussion for all Americans since it was put in effect many years ago. Currently the biggest debate of Healthcare up to date is Obamaââ¬â¢s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, is a Health care Reform that is a governmental attempt to make basic health care easily obtainable. However, there are no benefits without cost in situations like this,Read MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act928 Words à |à 4 PagesUnited States, Barack Obama, signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which is commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or familiarly the Obamacare (What is ObamaCare). President Obama created ACA to make health care more affordable and accessible for people in the United States. The Affordable Care Act guarantees most people will have health insurances as well as reduces the high cost of health care of individual and government. These are also two points that th e ACARead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1507 Words à |à 7 Pageshealth care coverage for all; and that is called The Affordable Care Act ( ACA)1 or also known as Obamacare. This program provides standardized medical expenses/procedures to be made and allows everyone -- who is eligible -- to have coverage. However, I think that we need to take in account how Obamacare is negatively impacting the lower class, middle class, and upper class; therefore, we should remove it. This law became effective on March 23, 2010 (Key Features of The Affordable Care Act). ObamacareRead MoreObamacare And The Affordable Care Act1061 Words à |à 5 Pages The Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare or ACA, is the health reform law enacted in 2010 by Congress. The official name of this reform is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Many provisions of the law are already in effect and the rest are going to continue to develop until 2022. After a year of intense political wrangling, the health reform initiative was passed by Congress. Even though it falls short of providing universal coverage, it is unlike the Clinton proposal. TheRead MoreObamacare Or Affordable Care Act893 Words à |à 4 PagesObamacare or Affordable care act (ACA) refers to the healthcare act introduced by President Obama in 2010 and represents one of the significant healthcare reforms since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The primary purpose of the reform was to increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, expand the reach of insurance, and reduce the costs of healthcare for both individuals and government. First, we will analyze the merits and disadvantages of Obamacare ââ¬â PROS 1. CurrentlyRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare )1604 Words à |à 7 Pages Ever since Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) into law in 2010, it has been met by criticism from many people from many different ideologies. Although the law held promise for allowing all individuals to afford healthcare and all of its benefits, that is not to say it does not have its downsides. Since passing, both the conservative and democratic parties have found reasons to dislike the law. This essay will include a description of the law itself, criticisms from the two parties
Discuss the Extent to Which a Vegetarian Diet Is Healthy Free Essays
Discuss the extent to which a vegetarian diet is healthy. To say till what extent a vegetarian diet Is healthy. First of all need to understand what vegetarian diet is and what is mean to be healthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Extent to Which a Vegetarian Diet Is Healthy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Among the areas of non-traditional food, vegetarian diet is one of the oldest and most common. Vegetarianism ââ¬â is an ancient healing nutrition system, which has a deep philosophical meaning, and assuming certain lifestyle. Healthy meaner ââ¬â a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. However, to adhere vegetarian diet have both positive and negative sides. Mainly, vegetarian diet negatively affect oldest people. Firstly, how healthy vegetarian diet is depends only on the scale of vegetarianism. Vegetarians refusing meat and all animals products, are highly at risk of vitamin B-1 2 deficiency, especially additives are necessary for females during pregnancy and for child of vegans. On the other hand, locator-vivo- vegetarians have no nutrition risk. They donââ¬â¢t get ham iron from meat, however they insensate It with consumption of non-ham Iron from ascorbic acid (Thronged et al 1994). Generally, refusing to meat, decrease possibility to obtain coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity and conceivably even some cancers. Secondly, scientific studies have established that people who support vegetarianism are lighter in weight than their meat-eating opponents. The distinction of 1 unit of IBM was found by the EPIC study in the Oxford cohort (Spencer et al 2003). Furthermore, lower IBM decrease rate of type 2 diabetes and gallstones. In opposition, DIM start decrease rapidly over the age 60 in vegetarians and mainly in vegans, which leads to complication to control muscle mass. According to this, old vegans suffer from respiratory disorders which Influence high mortality among them. Nonetheless, the positive side of lower IBM shows in younger persons, what helps them in lifestyle move faster and be more flexible. Finally, the consumption of meat usually relates with saturated fat, when plant protein is commonly associated with fiber. To be healthy, in all ages, vegans should obtain recommended amount of protein and energy, arguments was presented by national and international recommendation for protein intake by Langley (1995). Adding to this, exceeding daily rate of energy and protein may result health adverse circumstance such as COD_ To reduce risk of CHOC, simply lifestyle changes should be made such as being physically active, eating healthy not saturated fat food and have a balanced diet. Moreover, there are some other benefits to keep your health e. G. Reduce risk of stroke and dementia. Taking everything Into account, vegetarian diet revised a plenty evidence which be able to increase your resistance to different sort of diseases, also prevent from obesity and deadly illness. In my opinion follow vegetarian diet and exclude meat from dally ration In some case brings many profits to your body and health. But, not all sort of people can stand by vegetarian diet or become vegans, in each case there is an exception such as pregnant women and old people that may adversely attest their health, and bring even more harm to their body. How to cite Discuss the Extent to Which a Vegetarian Diet Is Healthy, Papers
Hurricane Gilbert Essay Example For Students
Hurricane Gilbert Essay During the year of 1988, several events changed the lives of hundreds of people. The summer Olympics, a presidential election, and Hurricane Gilbert Essay which tore through Jamaica, part of Mexico and the United States. Hurricane Gilbert occurred between September 10th and the 17th. Hurricane Gilbert was one of the most wretched storms of the century. What had started out as a tropical storm, grew into a terrible nightmare for those that lived in Jamaica. The onset of the storm was first seen by satellite on September 3rd 1988. This was categorized as a tropical storm; a wrinkle in the uniformly eastern flow (Sheets 1). Gilbert was not only infamous for its category rating, but for the barometric pressure which was the lowest recorded for an Atlantic storm. Causes that contributed to the strength of Hurricane Gilbert include: atmospheric conditions, the category rating, and the proximity of its eye. The effects of the hurricane consisted of property damage, economic losses, casualties and some solutions such as insurance and funds. Atmospheric conditions were some of the factors that contributed to Hurricane Gilberts intensity. Hurricane Gilbert had extremely powerful winds that reached 160 knots which is about 175 mph and gusts up to 121 mph (Stengel 18). At 10, 000 feet, Gilberts counterclockwise winds reached up to 200 miles per hour, and at ground level the winds were around 175 mph (Stengel 17). With winds that strong, almost nothing could stop that storm. When the winds began to spread out over a large area, they stirred the Atlantic waters and brought cool water underneath the earths surface; therefore, causing a reduction in the amount of rapid showers and thunderstorms (Sheets 1). Water was another contributing factor in the destruction caused by Hurricane Gilbert. Hurricane Gilbert formed in the same manner as most tropical storms do. A reason for Gilberts strength was the warm air placed itself in contact with the water, the air became wet and was then moistened by evaporation (Sheets 2). Hurricane conditions can only happen during warm months and over warm waters. Storm surges only occur when the storm meets the land. Gilberts system of low pressure and high winds created a dome of high and intense water that was forced ashore. The water flow then caused storm surges which flooded many low lying areas, such as, beaches and coastlines. The waves of the waters reached as high as 30 feet. Floods were another cause of destruction. Torrential rains created sudden flooding as Hurricane Gilbert moved inland. As Gilberts winds diminished, rainfall floods became Jamaicas greatest threat. (Sheets 2). Air mass was a third cause of destruction. During the summer of 1988, both Jamaica and the United States were hot and humid. A drought in the Midwestern United States caused forest fires and harvesters had a hard season with the crops (Stengel 17). Since the air was relatively warm around the Caribbean and the Northeastern part of South America, the humidity was significantly higher, and the sea temperature was somewhat warm consequently causing the formation of Hurricane Gilbert. Hurricane Gilberts barometric pressure reading was a very important factor in its destructive force. A barometric pressure reading is the measure of the storms strength. Hurricane Gilbert received the lowest sea level pressure reading for a storm in the Western Hemisphere. Gilberts pressure reading was recorded at 888 MB. or 26.23 inches. Since Gilbert had a low pressure reading, it was more likely to cause extreme damage. Hurricane Gilbert received a rating or category of five on the Saffir/Simpson scale, which reads a storms strength (Sheets 3). Category five is the highest level that a hurricane can be rated at. This denotes that Gilbert was proficient enough to cause catastrophic damage (Hurricane Gilbert 689). .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 , .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .postImageUrl , .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 , .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96:hover , .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96:visited , .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96:active { border:0!important; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96:active , .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96 .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucea2a31d8a848e88f535efc10a39fb96:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction Essay Another hurricane to reach level five was Camille, a hurricane that occurred in 1969 (Trippet 18). When a hurricane such as Gilbert, that is rated a Category five, wind and water damage are extremely dynamic. Windows can be blown out, trees up rooted and mall buildings can be destroyed during a hurricane (Hurricane Info 3). Hurricanes that are large in size, will usually have smaller eyes, like Hurricane Gilbert. Hurricane Gilbert had an eye less than 10 miles in diameter, but the hurricane covered the entire western half of the Caribbean as well as southeastern parts of the Gulf of Mexico (Sheets 3). The vortex of Gilbert was 450 miles in width (Stengel 17). Even though the eye of Hurricane Gilbert looked almost invisible, it still was readily visible. As the eye of Gilbert turned and moved in .
Wednesday, April 29, 2020
Theater Essays (265 words) - , Term Papers
Theater Chapter 7 The musical is a biography of Alexander Hamilton, based on Ron Chernow's non-fiction biography. The musical retains most of the main events of Hamilton's life but dramatizes parts of it for theatrical purpose. Hamilton was an immigrant to New York from the Caribbean, a Revolutionary War veteran and George Washington's helper of camp who eventually grow into the first Treasury secretary. Through his writings like "The Federalist Papers," which he co-authored with James Madison and John Jay, he's in charge for a lot of American political concept, specifically the U.S. economic and banking organization. Because he was illegal and came from poverty, he's considered a representation of the "self-made man" in America. He was also self-destructive and self-defeating in numerous ways, talents that made Lin-Manuel Miranda see his story as more fascinating. Hamilton lived a very miserable life as a kid, he was born by French mother and Scottish dad. He escaped poverty by educating himself and writing a letter that earned him a scholarship to kings college, which is now Columbia university. Fast-forward to seventeen seventy-six, Hamilton graduates and he is trying to get his idol attention, Aaron Burr. Then john lurens, hecules mulligan and de marqui de lafayatte walk in, that's when they started talking about starting a revolution and George Washington needed someone in charge. Burr wanted to get picked but George Washington picked Hamilton. Hamilton becomes a lawyer, proposes a new form of government and starts to defend a new US constitution by writing 51 essays.
Tuesday, April 14, 2020
Why Marquette Sample Essay?
Why Marquette Sample Essay?Why Marquette Sample Essay? Before you start your project, do not hesitate to consider the samples available for you. You will find that a number of schools provide at least some information on a sample for the whole year.Many colleges include questions which you can use as a guide in preparing your own essay. Some even have questions about what you like best about them and how they might fit you. If you take advantage of these questions, your essay will be an excellent reflection of you and your tastes.First, decide what type of sample you would like to use. Some schools provide essays free, while others charge a fee for their use. Choose your source carefully, since a writer will need to have some experience writing on this topic. The writers on staff at Marquette, however, are both academically qualified and knowledgeable.Once you choose the sample, go through it carefully. You will need to make sure that all of the questions in the essay match the stand ard essay format. Marquette is one of only a few schools to still use AP style, so make sure that the sample you choose uses this format. Some sample essays that are offered online, however, contain a mixture of AP and standard English styles.On the sample essay itself, you may find some content that will appeal to you. You may think that this is inappropriate and do not want to use it in your essay. The writer should be able to write a sentence or two that shows how you can use the material. Or, if you feel that the sample is not right for your needs, you can leave it out entirely. You should always have complete freedom to change the piece once you are done with it.Once you have chosen the sample that you want to use, you should then turn to the writing section of the essay. These essays often last anywhere from 15 minutes to two hours. If you have any questions or concerns, you should speak with a professor before you start to ensure that your process is not a mistake.As the writ er, you should always try to put yourself in the place of a reader who has asked a question. While this is the writer's job, it is not always the most interesting aspect of the project. You should focus on capturing the writer's own opinion on the subject, and you should be able to relate this to your own feelings.A why Marquette Sample Essay can be completed in a matter of hours, and the material is usually well organized. The content will capture the attention of your reader, and you will see a quick turnaround in your grade. Being prepared and thinking about the material ahead of time will allow you to do well in your next essay project.
Friday, March 20, 2020
Temperature and its measurement answers Essay Example
Temperature and its measurement answers Essay Example Temperature and its measurement answers Essay Temperature and its measurement answers Essay In the process of measurement of temperature, there is a lot to understand and one of them is the understanding of the working mechanisms of thermometers. In thermometers, there is either a mercury or alcohol thermometer which helps in the measurement of the hotness or coldness of a place or a body. In both the mercury and alcohol thermometers, the alcohol or the mercury used become bigger when heated and smaller when cooled. The glass tube of a thermometer ensures that the liquid is confined and that the liquid has no other space but to go up when the liquid is heated and goes down when the liquid is cooled. The calibration helps in the measurement of the extent to which the liquid is heated or cooled. There is the need to ensure that the thermometers record the right readings which help in the acquisition of the right temperatures for the benefits of the public. Question 1 Question a In the graph, the blue line represents the thermo, the red one represents thermistor while the green one represents the PRT. It is apparent that the graphs of thermo and thermistor relate directly meaning that any change in heat leads to direct effects in the all the two components of measurement. On the contrary, the graph of PRT relate in a different manner, and this is because it starts by showing a non-uniform graph the proceeds to relate directly with the other two. In this manner, the temperature has the same effects on both the thermos and the thermistor but has a different effect on the PRT. Question b The devices that are most accurate are themo and the thermistor because they show a uniform change with the change in the temperature, on the contrary, PRT is the least accurate because application of heat at the initial stages have a different effect on the substance leading to non-uniform reaction upon application of heat. Question c Another observation is that steady increase in temperature makes the devices to have a steady and uniform measurement of heat. However, thermos is the best device used in the measurement of heat because of the steady readings that it gives in the process of measurement. Question 2 From the graph, it is apparent that the increase in time does not cause any changes in the measurement devices, PRT shows no change with increase in time, however, both the thermistor and thermos show a slight change as they drop from a higher value to a smaller value but finally maintain a constant with increase in time. The second observation is that both thermistor and thermo approach zero with increase in time. Conclusion In the experiment, there are a lot that needs to be examined in the process and one of them is the measurement and the recording process. Such is because the process of recording must be carried out in a way that represents the situation on the ground and proves helpful in the experiment. Different devices used in the measurement of temperatures work differently because of the mechanism used in the process of measuring results. There is a need for students to ensure that they understand the working mechanisms of the same and that they appreciate they employ the use of thermometers in the right manner, and that they make use of the same in the right manner to ensure that they benefit the population. To help in understanding the way thermometers are used in the representation of results, there is need to compare readings from different thermometers which is of great importance to the population. In this regard, the different readings help in showing the precision of instruments to aid in making the right choices of the measuring instruments.
Wednesday, March 4, 2020
The Discovery of King Tuts Tomb
The Discovery of King Tuts Tomb British archaeologist and Egyptologist Howard Carter along with his sponsor, Lord Carnarvon, spent many years and a lot of money searching for a tomb in Egypts Valley of the Kings that they werent sure still existed. But on November 4, 1922, they found it. Carter had discovered not just an unknown ancient Egyptian tomb, but one that had lain nearly undisturbed for over 3,000 years. What lay within King Tuts tomb astounded the world. Carter and Carnarvon Carter had worked in Egypt for 31 years before he found King Tuts tomb. He had begun his career in Egypt at age 17, using his artistic talents to copy wall scenes and inscriptions. Eight years later (in 1899), Carter was appointed the Inspector-General of Monuments in Upper Egypt. In 1905, Carter resigned from this job and in 1907, went to work for Lord Carnarvon. George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, the fifth Earl of Carnarvon, loved to race around in the newly invented automobile. But an auto accident in 1901 left him in ill health. Vulnerable to the damp English winter, Lord Carnarvon began spending winters in Egypt in 1903. To pass the time, he took up archaeology as a hobby. Turning up nothing but a mummified cat (still in its coffin) his first season, Lord Carnarvon decided to hire someone knowledgeable for the succeeding seasons. For this, he hired Howard Carter. The Long Search After several relatively successful seasons working together, World War I brought a near halt to their work in Egypt. Yet, by the fall of 1917, Carter and Lord Carnarvon began excavating in earnest in the Valley of the Kings. Carter stated that there were several pieces of evidence already found- a faience cup, a piece of gold foil, and a cache of funerary items which all bore the name of Tutankhamun- that convinced him that the tomb of King Tut was still to be found. Carter also believed that the locations of these items pointed to a specific area where they might find King Tutankhamuns tomb. Carter was determined to systematically search this area by excavating down to the bedrock. Besides some ancient workmens huts at the foot of the tomb of Rameses VI and 13 calcite jars at the entrance to the tomb of Merenptah, Carter did not have much to show after five years of excavating in the Valley of the Kings. Thus, Lord Carnarvon decided to stop the search. After a discussion with Carter, Carnarvon relented and agreed to one last season. One Final Season By November 1, 1922, Carter began his final season working in the Valley of the Kings by having his workers expose the ancient workmens huts at the base of the tomb of Rameses VI. After exposing and documenting the huts, Carter and his workmen began to excavate the ground beneath them. By the fourth day of work, they had found something- a step that had been cut into the rock. Steps Work feverishly continued on the afternoon of November 4 through the following morning. By late afternoon on November 5, 12 stairs leading down were revealed; and in front of them, stood the upper portion of a blocked entrance. Carter searched the plastered door for a name. But of the seals that could be read, he found only the impressions of the royal necropolis. Carter was extremely excited, writing: The design was certainly of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Could it be the tomb of a noble buried here by royal consent? Was it a royal cache, a hiding-place to which a mummy and its equipment had been removed for safety? Or was it actually the tomb of the king for whom I had spent so many years in search? Telling Carnarvon To protect the find, Carter had his workmen fill in the stairs, covering them so that none were showing. While several of Carters most trusted workmen stood guard, Carter left to make preparations. The first of which was contacting Lord Carnarvon in England to share the news of the find. On November 6, two days after finding the first step, Carter sent a cable: At last have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations. The Sealed Door It was nearly three weeks after finding the first step that Carter was able to proceed. On November 23, Lord Carnarvon and his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, arrived in Luxor. The following day, the workers had again cleared the staircase, now exposing all 16 of its steps and the full face of the sealed doorway. Now Carter found what he could not see before since the bottom of the doorway had still been covered with rubble: There were several seals on the bottom of the door with Tutankhamuns name on them. Now that the door was fully exposed, they noticed that the upper left of the doorway had been broken through, presumably by tomb robbers, and resealed. The tomb was not intact, yet the fact that the tomb had been resealed showed that the tomb had not been emptied. The Passageway On the morning of November 25, the sealed doorway was photographed and the seals noted. Then the door was removed. A passageway emerged from the darkness, filled to the top with limestone chips. Upon closer examination, Carter could tell that tomb robbers had dug a hole through the upper left section of the passageway. (The hole had been refilled in antiquity with larger, darker rocks than used for the rest of the fill.) This meant that the tomb had probably been raided twice in antiquity. The first time was within a few years of the kings burial and before there was a sealed door and fill in the passageway. (Scattered objects were found under the fill.) The second time, the robbers had to dig through the fill and could escape only with smaller items. By the following afternoon, the fill along the 26-foot-long passageway had been cleared away to expose another sealed door, almost identical to the first. Again, there were signs that a hole had been made in the doorway and resealed. Everywhere the Glint of Gold Tension mounted. If anything was left inside, it would be a discovery of a lifetime for Carter. If the tomb was relatively intact, it would be something the world had never seen. Carter wrote: With trembling hands I made a tiny breach in the upper left-hand corner. Darkness and blank space, as far as an iron testing-rod could reach, showed that whatever lay beyond was empty, and not filled like the passage we had just cleared. Candle tests were applied as a precaution against possible foul gases, and then, widening the hold a little, I inserted the candle and peered in, Lord Carnarvon, Lady Evelyn and Callender standing anxiously beside me to hear the verdict. At first I could see nothing, the hot air escaping from the chamber causing the candle flame to flicker, but presently, as my eyes grew accustomed to the light, details of the room within emerged slowly from the mist, strange animals, statues, and gold- everywhere the glint of gold. For the moment- an eternity it must have seemed to the others standing by- I was struck dumb with amazement, and when Lord Carnarvon, unable to stand the suspense any longer, inquired anxiously, Can you see anything? it was all I could do to get out the words, Yes, wonderful things. The next morning, the plastered door was photographed and the seals documented. Then the door came down, revealing the Antechamber. The wall opposite the entrance wall was piled nearly to the ceiling with boxes, chairs, couches, and so much more- most of them gold- in organized chaos. On the right wall stood two life-size statues of the king, facing each other as if to protect the sealed entrance that was between them. This sealed door also showed signs of being broken into and resealed, but this time the robbers had entered in the bottom middle of the door. To the left of the door from the passageway lay a tangle of parts from several dismantled chariots. As Carter and the others spent time looking at the room and its contents, they noticed another sealed door behind the couches on the far wall. This sealed door also had a hole in it, but unlike the others, the hole had not been resealed. Carefully, they crawled under the couch and shone their light. The Annexe In this room (later called the Annexe), everything was in disarray. Carter theorized that officials had attempted to straighten up the Antechamber after the robbers had plundered, but they had made no attempt to straighten the Annexe. He wrote: I think the discovery of this second chamber, with its crowded contents, had a somewhat sobering effect on us. Excitement had gripped us hitherto, and given us no pause for thought, but now for the first time we began to realize what a prodigious task we had in front of us, and what a responsibility it entailed. This was no ordinary find, to be disposed of in a normal seasons work; nor was there any precedent to show us how to handle it. The thing was outside all experience, bewildering, and for the moment it seemed as though there were more to be done than any human agency could accomplish. Documenting and Preserving the Artifacts Before the entrance between the two statues in the Antechamber could be opened, the items in the Antechamber needed to be removed or risk damage to them from flying debris, dust, and movement. Documentation and preservation of each item was a monumental task. Carter realized that this project was larger than he could handle alone, thus he asked for and received help from a large number of specialists. To begin the clearing process, each item was photographed in situ, both with an assigned number and without. Then, a sketch and description of each item were made on correspondingly numbered record cards. Next, the item was noted on a ground plan of the tomb (only for the Antechamber). Carter and his team had to be extremely careful when attempting to remove any of the objects. Since many of the items were in extremely delicate states (such as beaded sandals in which the threading had disintegrated, leaving only beads held together by 3,000 years of habit), many items needed immediate treatment, such as a celluloid spray, to keep the items intact for removal. Moving the items also proved a challenge. Carter wrote of it, Clearing the objects from the Antechamber was like playing a gigantic game of spillikins. So crowded were they that it was a matter of extreme difficulty to move one without running serious risk of damaging others, and in some cases they were so inextricably tangled that an elaborate system of props and supports had to be devised to hold one object or group of objects in place while another was being removed. At such times life was a nightmare. When an item was successfully removed, it was placed upon a stretcher and gauze and other bandages were wrapped around the item to protect it for removal. Once a number of stretchers were filled, a team of people would carefully pick them up and move them out of the tomb. As soon as they exited the tomb with the stretchers, they were greeted by hundreds of tourists and reporters who waited for them at the top. Since word had spread quickly around the world about the tomb, the popularity of the site was excessive. Every time someone came out of the tomb, cameras would go off. The trail of stretchers was taken to the conservation laboratory, located at some distance away in the tomb of Seti II. Carter had appropriated this tomb to serve as a conservation laboratory, photographic studio, carpenters shop (to make the boxes needed to ship the objects), and a storeroom. Carter allotted tomb No. 55 as a darkroom. The items, after conservation and documentation, were very carefully packed into crates and sent by rail to Cairo. It took Carter and his team seven weeks to clear the Antechamber. On Feb. 17, 1923, they began dismantling the sealed door between the statues. The Burial Chamber The inside of the Burial Chamber was almost completely filled with a large shrine over 16 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 9 feet tall. The walls of the shrine were made of gilded wood inlaid with brilliant blue porcelain. Unlike the rest of the tomb, upon which the walls had been left as rough-cut rock (unsmoothed and unplastered), the walls of the Burial Chamber (excluding the ceiling) were covered with gypsum plaster and painted yellow. Funeral scenes were painted on these yellow walls. On the ground around the shrine were a number of items, including portions of two broken necklaces, which looked as if they had been dropped by robbers, and magic oars to ferry the kings barque [boat] across the waters of the Nether World. To take apart and examine the shrine, Carter had to first demolish the partition wall between the Antechamber and the Burial Chamber. Still, there was not much room between the three remaining walls and the shrine. As Carter and his team worked to disassemble the shrine they found that this was merely the outer shrine, with four shrines in total. Each section of the shrines weighed up to half a ton. In the small confines of the Burial Chamber, work was difficult and uncomfortable. When the fourth shrine was disassembled, the kings sarcophagus was revealed. The sarcophagus was yellow and made out of a single block of quartzite. The lid did not match the rest of the sarcophagus and had been cracked in the middle during antiquity (an attempt had been made to cover the crack by filling it with gypsum).à When the heavy lid was lifted, a gilded wooden coffin was revealed. The coffin was in a distinctly human shape and was 7 feet 4 inches long. Opening the Coffin A year and a half later, they were ready to lift the lid of the coffin. Conservation work of other objects already removed from the tomb had taken precedence. Thus, the anticipation of what lay beneath was extreme. Inside, they found another, smaller coffin. The lifting of the lid of the second coffin revealed a third one, made entirely of gold. On top of this third, and final, coffin was a dark material that had once been liquid and poured over the coffin from the hands to the ankles. The liquid had hardened over the years and firmly stuck the third coffin to the bottom of the second. The thick residue had to be removed with heat and hammering. Then the lid of the third coffin was raised. At last, the royal mummy of Tutankhamun was revealed. It had been over 3,300 years since a human being had seen the kings remains. This was the first royal Egyptian mummy that had been found untouched since his burial. Carter and the others hoped King Tutankhamuns mummy would reveal a large amount of knowledge about ancient Egyptian burial customs. Though it was still an unprecedented find, Carter and his team were dismayed to learn that the liquid poured on the mummy had done a great deal of damage. The linen wrappings of the mummy could not be unwrapped as hoped, but instead had to be removed in large chunks.à Many of the items found within the wrappings had also been damaged, and some were almost completely disintegrated. Carter and his team found over 150 items on the mummy- almost all of them gold- including amulets, bracelets, collars, rings, and daggers. The autopsy on the mummy found that Tutankhamun had been about 5 feet 5 1/8 inches tall and had died around age 18. Certain evidence also attributed Tutankhamuns death to murder. The Treasury On the right wall of the Burial Chamber was an entrance into a storeroom, now known as the Treasury. The Treasury, like the Antechamber, was filled with items including many boxes and model boats. Most notable in this room was the large gilded canopic shrine. Inside the gilded shrine was the canopic chest made out of a single block of calcite. Inside the canopic chest were the fourà canopic jars, each in the shape of an Egyptian coffin and elaborately decorated, holding the pharaohs embalmed organs: liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines. Also discovered in the Treasury were two small coffins found in a simple, undecorated wooden box. Inside these two coffins were theà mummiesà of two premature fetuses. It is hypothesized that these were Tutankhamuns children. (Tutankhamun is not known to have had any surviving children.) World Famous Discovery The discovery of King Tuts tomb in November 1922 created an obsession around the world. Daily updates of the find were demanded. Masses of mail and telegrams deluged Carter and his associates. Hundreds of tourists waited outside the tomb for a peek. Hundreds more people tried to use their influential friends and acquaintances to get a tour of the tomb, which caused a great hindrance to work in the tomb and endangered the artifacts.à Ancient Egyptianà style clothes quickly hit the markets and appeared in fashion magazines. Even architecture was affected when Egyptian designs were copied into modern buildings. The Curse The rumors and excitement over the discovery became especially acute when Lord Carnarvon became suddenly ill from an infected mosquito bite on his cheek (he had accidentally aggravated it while shaving). On April 5, 1923, just a week after the bite, Lord Carnarvon died. Carnarvons death gave fuel to the idea that there was a curse associated with King Tuts tomb.à Immortality Through Fame In all, it took Carter and his colleagues 10 years to document and clear out Tutankhamuns tomb. After Carter completed his work at the tomb in 1932, he began to write a six-volume definitive work, A Report Upon the Tomb of Tut ankh Amun. Carter died before he was able to finish, passing away at his home Kensington, London, on March 2, 1939. The mysteries of the young pharaohs tomb live on:à As recently asà March 2016,à radar scansà indicated that there may yet be hidden chambers not yet opened within King Tuts tomb. Ironically,à Tutankhamun, whose obscurity during his own time allowed his tomb to be forgotten, has now become one of the most well-known pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Having traveled around the world as part of an exhibit, King Tuts body once again rests in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Sources Carter, Howard.à The Tomb of Tutankhamen. E.P. Dutton, 1972.Frayling, Christopher.à The Face of Tutankhamun. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1992.Reeves, Nicholas. The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1990.
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